Showing posts with label History. Show all posts
Showing posts with label History. Show all posts
Friday, July 22, 2016
Thursday, September 24, 2015
Payoneer Master Card in Pakistan
Payoneer Master Card in Pakistan
Payoneer is a company providing you the famous MasterCard to use anywhere in the world, It is a New York based financial company which was established back in 2005, but in recent years it got exposure from the users because of its valuable services. Now you can use Payoneer MasterCard for receiving your payments from all freelance companies and withdrawing money using local ATMs in all countries where Payoneer is available at the moment including Pakistan. Along with the MasterCard, Payoneer also gives you option to use a US bank for receiving payments from any US or EU company, so this is one additional advantage. You may receive payments from more than 800 well-known US companies + EU companies in your Payoneer card. We have created a step by step guide to use Payoneer in pakistan with a video tutorial in Urdu. Carry on reading.
How to Order Payoneer MasterCard?
As many of you know, Paypal is not working in Pakistan, so the only alternative I see to paypal is Payoneer, because you can receive payments from most of the companies online. Now when you’ve decided to use Payoneer master card then you may simply go to Payoneer website in order to create an account & order a card, but I’ll give you a direct link from where you can join Payoneer and get $25 free dollars, you’ll get $25 bonus when you activate your card and receive a payment of at least $100 US dollars.Click below photo to join Payoneer now:
Ok, fill all the details correctly & accurately, especially, enter correct address, so you can easily receive the card on time. If you did not receive the card on time then contact Payoneer live chat support, so they will send you another card.
Monday, January 5, 2015
Pakistan Institute of Computer Science Rawalpindi (Free Certification)
Pakistan Institute of Computer Science Rawalpindi (Free Certification)
آپ یہاں سے مفت سرٹیفکیٹ حاصل کرسکتے ہیں۔ تمام کورسز آن لائن پڑھ سکتے ہیں اور ٹیسٹ بھی آن لائن ہو گا۔ صرف سرٹفیکیٹ کے پیسے جو کہ پرنٹنگ چارجز ہونگے۔ آپ سےلے لیا جائے گا۔ابھی رجسڑڈ ہو جائے اور اپنا مفت سرٹیفکیٹ حاصل کریں۔
Wednesday, November 26, 2014
لیبیا کے "ظالم ڈکٹیٹر" معمر قذافی کے عوام پر ڈھائے جانے والے "مظالم" کی تفصیل۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔!!!!!!!!
لیبیا کے "ظالم ڈکٹیٹر" معمر قذافی کے عوام پر ڈھائے جانے والے "مظالم" کی تفصیل۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔!!!!!!!!
۱۔ لیبیا میں بجلی مفت ہے، پورے لیبیا میں کہیں بجلی کا بل نہیں بھیجا جاتا۔۔
۲۔ سود پر قرض نہیں دیا جاتا، تمام بینک ریاست کی ملکیت تھے اور صفر فیصد سود پر شہریوں کو قرض کی سہولت دیتے تھے۔۔
۳۔ اپنا گھر لیبیا میں انسان کا بنیادی حق سمجھا جاتا تھا اور اس کے لئے حکومت شہریوں کو مکمل مالی مدد فراہم کرتی تھی۔۔
۴۔ تمام نئے شادی شدہ جوڑوں کو اپنا نیا گھر بنانے کی مد میں حکومت پچاس ہزار ڈالرز مفت میں فراہم کرتی تھی۔۔
۵۔ پڑھائی اور علاج کی سہولتیں لیبیا کے تمام شہریوں کو بنا پیسوں کے حاصل ہیں۔ قذافی سے پہلے 25 فیصد لوگ پڑھے لکھے تھے جبکہ آج 83 فیصد لوگ تعلیم کے زیور سے آراستہ ہیں۔۔
۶۔ کسانوں کو زرعی آلات، بیج اور زرعی زمین مفت میں فراہم کی جاتی تھی۔۔
۷۔ اگر کسی باشندے کو لیبیا میں علاج معالجے یا تعلیم کی صحیح سہولت میسر نہیں تو حکومت بنا کسی خرچے کے بیرون ملک بھجواتی تھی۔۔
۸۔ لیبا میں اگر کوئی شخص اپنی گاڑی خریدنا چاہتا ہے تو حکومت 50 فیصد سبسڈی فراہم کرتی تھی۔۔
۹۔ پیٹرول کی قیمت 0.14$ فی لیٹر تھی۔۔
۱۰۔ لیبیا پر کوئی بیرونی قرضہ نہیں اور لیبیا کے اثاثوں کی کل مالیت تقریبا 150$ ارب ڈالر سے زائد تھے، جن پر اب مغربی ممالک کا قبضہ ہے۔۔
۱۱۔ اگر کوئی باشندہ گریجوایشن کرنے کے بعد بھی نوکری حاصل نہیں کر پارہا تو حکومت اسے اسکی تعلیمی استعداد کے مطابق مفت تنخواہ ادا کرتی تھی تا وقت کہ اس باشندے کی ملازمت لگ جائے۔۔
۱۲۔ ملک کے تیل سے حاصل ہونے والی آمدنی کا ایک مخصوص حصہ تمام لیبیائی باشندوں کے بینک اکاؤنٹوں میں جمع کروا دیا جاتا تھا۔
۱۳۔ ماں کو ہر بچے کی پیدائش پر حکومت کی طرف سے 5000$ ڈالر مفت فراہم کئے جاتے تھے۔
۱۴۔ قذافی نے ملک کی صحرائی آبادی کے پیش نظر دنیا کا سب سے بڑا مصنوعی دریا بنانے کا پروجیکٹ بھی شروع کیا تھا ، تا کہ پورے ملک میں صاف پانی کی فراہمی یقینی بنائی جاسکے۔
یہ ان مظالم میں سے کچھ کی تفصیل ہے جو قذافی نامی ڈکٹیٹر نے لیبیا کی عوام پر ڈھائے ۔
ان مظالم کے علاوہ قذافی نے تین بہت بڑے گناہ اور بھی کیے تھے ۔
پہلا کہ پاکستان کو ایٹمی پروگرام کے لیے 100 ملین ڈالر کی رقم اس وقت فراہم کی جب پاکستان پر ہر طرح کی پابندیاں تھیں ۔ اسی رقم سے پاکستان نے اپنا ایٹمی پروگرام شروع کیا تھا ۔
دوسرا اس نے ہمیشہ مسلمان ممالک کو اکھٹا کر کے انکا ایک بلاک بناے کی کوشش کی ۔ کبھی افریقی ممالک کا بلاک کبھی عرب ممالک کا ۔ لیکن ہمارے مسلمان ممالک قضافی کی اس " چال " میں نہیں آئے اور آپس میں ہی لڑنے مرنے پر متفق رہے ۔
تیسری چیز میں تو اسنے حد ہی کر دی جب اس نے سونے اور چاندی کے سکوں میں لین دین کرنے کا فیصلہ کیا اور اعلان کیا کہ پیپر کرنسی جعلی کرنسی ہے ۔
ان کے ان کرتوتوں کی بدولت ہی امریکہ نے قذافی کو قتل کروا دیا تاکہ لیبیا کے عوام کو ایک ظالم ڈکٹیٹر سے نجات دلائی جا سکے ۔
اب لیبیا میں مکمل جمہوریت آچکی اور لیبیا جمہوریت کے مزے لے رہا ہے !!
دوستوں کیساتھ ضرور شیر کریں . شکریہ
Friday, November 7, 2014
A Brief History of Muharram Al-Haram
A Brief History of Muharram Al-Haram
The believers always obey Allah (SWT), obey His Messenger and the "Ulil Amr" appointed by Him. It is an open invitation. Because, Laa Ikraaha Fid Deen [There is no compulsion in religion] (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:256). Those who (in truth) are not believers can do what they want.
Likewise Prophets, Messengers, sent down by Allah (SWT) to guide and warn people, never accepted anyone at all as Prophet or Messenger, whatever the circumstances were, be it that they did not stop claimers of this kind, or opponents, with application of force or repression.
In the same manner Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib (A.S.) did not recognize anyone as "Ulil Amr". His elder son Imam Hasan (A.S.), like his grandfather, the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) as in the [Treaty of Hudaybiah], let Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan be the ruler, but did not give up his rights of the "Ulil Amr", which he was at that time.
When Yazid ibn Muawiyah became the ruler he threw to the wind the earlier policy of the rulers not to demand "Bayah" (oath of allegiance) from the children of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.), and began to exercise pressure upon Imam Hussain (A.S.) to swear loyalty and acknowledge him as the "Ulil Amr", which the Holy Imam rightly refused. It is another aspect of the whole affair that Yazid ibn Muawiyah was the meanest tyrant of the worst degree, but even if he was an ordinary ruler Imam Hussain (A.S.) could not swear loyalty to him as the "Ulil Amr". So he did not. In the month of Rajab al-Murajab 61 Hijrah, he left Medina an
In the Glorious Qur'an verse 59 of Surah An Nisa, Allah (SWT) says:"O you who believe! Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger and "Ulil Amr" (Those who are authorized to command) from among you."
d went to Makkah. From Makkah, before performing Hajj Pilgrimage, he took his family with him, and with some friends and companions, true believers, he began the journey towards Iraq, with the expressed intention to cross the boundaries of the empire under the rule of Yazid ibn Muawiyah, and settle down in some other country, Iran or India, because he wanted to make it clear to Yazid ibn Muawiyah that he could not allege obedience to a "non-Ulil Amr" as he himself was an "Ulil Amr".
It was not to be. A large army of Yazid ibn Muawiyah under the command of Umar ibn Saad surrounded the caravan of Imam Hussain (A.S.) when he reached Naynawah, Karbala, on the 2nd of Muharram Al-Haram in 61 Hijrah.
There are several other aspects of human relationship and behavior in the events of Karbala that took place in the 10 days of Moharram Al-Haram, culminating in the Martyrdom of Imam Hussain (A.S.), and his 72 friends and relatives, which come into sharp focus as we recount every minute, during the religious gatherings, each year, but, above all, the ultimate reason remains the same, the impossibility of taking "oath of loyalty" (Bayah), by an "Ulil Amr", to obey a "non-Ulil Amr".
After Imam Hussain (A.S.), all his successors to "The office of the Ulil Amr", our holy Imams, refused to obey "Non-Ulil Amr", and every ruler held each of them prisoner, used every trick, applied force and in the end killed every Imam, exactly as Yazid ibn Muawiyah did.
Muharram Al-Haram is a month of mourning for the lovers and followers of "Ahlul Bayt or Aal-e-Muhammad". In this month, on the 10th day (Ashura) in 61 Hijra, Imam Hussain bin Ali (A.S.), the grandson of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) and the younger son of Imam Ali and Fatima Zahra (S.A.), together with his family and friends, in all 72 men, were slain on the sands of the desert of Naynawah, Karbala. Since then, each year, the true followers of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.), through grief, sorrow and tears, keep alive the message, cause and purpose of the greatest martyrdom in human history.
A Reflection on Muharram and Karbala
The events of Karbala reflect the collision of the good versus the evil, the virtuous versus the wicked, and the collision of Imam Hussain (the head of virtue) versus Yazid (the head of impiety). Imam Hussain (pbuh) was a revolutionary person, a righteous man, the religious authority, the Imam of Muslim Ummah (nation). As the representative of his grandfather Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), Imam Hussain's main concern was to safeguard and protect Islam and guide fellow Muslims. On the other hand, the staying power of the rulers (Muawiya and his son Yazid) depended solely on the might of the sword. They used brute force to rule over the Muslim empire even by all possible illicit means.The mission of Imam Hussain (pbuh) is distinctly unique, political and religious revolutionary movement in the history of World. His was a tremendous undertaking which still reverberates throughout the Muslim nation. He has been a propelling force and a seminal element in events throughout Islamic history, particularly in the sphere of Jihad (the holy struggle in the way of Almighty God). Imam Hussain's example has remained vividly alive for generations and centuries. His uprising, movement and ideals still have a deep impact on the conscience and awareness of the Muslim empire.
The Holy Prophet (pbuh) is reported to have said: "The best of Jihad is that of a word of right spoken to an unjust ruler."
Imam Hussain (pbuh) witnessed the deteriorating political and social situation and clearly recognized that the general policy of the authorities did not abide with Islamic principles. He was aware of the Ummah's numerous and painful afflictions, and was determined to exercise his religious duty, being the duly sanctioned leader & central figure capable of restoring Islamic values. Thus he rose. His revolt is rich in lessons and divinely inspired attitudes. Imam Hussain (pbuh) embodied the sacrifice of self, money, family, social status and the challenge to terror and cruelty. He patiently traversed hundreds of miles, moving both night and day. The epic protest he engendered came at the most critical political juncture. In fact, the Prophet's grandson had vowed to sacrifice himself.
Thus, Karbala proved to be a clash involving Islamic truths versus falsehood, belief versus disbelief, and the oppressed versus the oppressor, faith against brute force. Karbala was about standing in the face of oppression, regardless no matter the cost. In Karbala, Imam Hussain the fifty seven (57) year old second grandson of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), sacrificed his totality and all he had, for one goal. This goal was to let the truth triumph over falsehood eventually, and he did that brilliantly. His goal was to foil the plan that Muawiya had expertly developed for his son, Yazid, which was to establish a permanent Umayyads(Banu Umayya) ruler ship over the Muslim Ummah (even by sacrificing the Islamic principles), but doing it in the name of Islam. Brilliantly, Imam Hussain (pbuh) succeeded in foiling this plan and he exposed the disreputable nature of Umayyads though this was at the expense of his life.
Eventually he was martyred along with his sons, most of his household and all of his companions. The bodies were mutilated and their heads were carried from Karbala, to Kufa and finally Damascus. His womenfolk were taken prisoners and marched across the desert. He himself was expecting all that, but did not budge an inch.
An uprising led by the noblest and best accepted personality in the entire Ummah, is certainly one which is uniquely distinguished as a movement abounding with spiritual, moral and religious ideals. Due to the importance of this personality, we are honored to present this.
Such a sublime revolution has to be studied, dissected and fully understood. Lessons should be drawn from it. Here we note that the backward and downtrodden nations must one day follow in the footsteps of Imam Hussain (pbuh) if they are to challenge the despots.
Karbala never passes away. Its sun never sets in the horizon of history. Its anguish can never be effaced from the conscience of freemen by the collective conspiracy of tyrants.
At Karbala clouds of blood rained and generations of martyrs and revolutionaries took root and sprouted. The sound of the fearless voice of Imam Hussain (pbuh) still echoes in the valley of Karbala, ringing in the ears of time. It is a hurricane that chafes and shakes the tyrants. It is a volcano of blood, violently jolting the despots' thrones. It awakens free consciences and stirs within man the spirit of revolution and Jihad. His voice is still echoing in the ears of mankind:
"By God, I will never give you my hand like a man who has been humiliated, nor will I flee like a slave."
Who actually is Hussain? What is the background of this exceptionally unique and great personality? This prominent man of history, the legend of epics, the word of pride and honor was no less the Grandson of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) the son of his daughter Fatimah Zahra (pbuh) and her cousin and husband the Commander of the Faithful, Ali son of Abu Talib son of Abdul Mutalib son of Hashim.
Hence the only fact remains: "There never was a Hussain before him, there has been none after him."
Friday, June 13, 2014
Friday, May 23, 2014
Rankings reveal state of education in Pakistan
Rankings reveal state of education in Pakistan
The second annual education rankings of 146 districts in the country show that Islamabad Capital Territory is the best performing region in terms of overall standards of education, followed by Punjab and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK)
According the report, unveiled on Thursday by Alif Ailaan, in terms of primary schools, the top-scoring districts are mostly from Punjab (see table 1). In contrast, the top scoring areas in terms of middle school performance were nearly all districts from Gilgit-Baltistan and AJK (see table 2).
In the provincial scores, Sindh had improved its ranking while Khyber Paktunkhwa had slipped a few places. Fata, unfortunately, remains at the bottom of the list.
Under the ranking system, each province, territory, district and agency is scored on a scale of 0 to 100. According to Alif Ailaan, data is collated from various official sources on enrolment, literacy, learning outcomes, gender ratios and survival rates. On this index, Islamabad scored 83.75 points and stood first, Lahore remained at sixth with 82.58 points, Quetta at 31st with 70.99 points, Karachi at 40th with 68.51 points and Peshawar bagged the 68th position by obtaining 61.04 points.
The points were awarded to each district on the basis of enrolments in schools, literacy, learning outcomes, survival rate of students, gender parity, infrastructure and availability of facilities.
The report showed that Punjab was far ahead of the other provinces with 14 of its districts in the top 20. However, the report warned that Punjab had still to go a long way to achieve the 100 per cent enrolment target.
Like last year, Sindh, Balochistan and Fata occupied the bottom of the ranking with Sindh making its first appearance at number 40 with Karachi. This demonstrates a lack of commitment to follow up on the promises made by the provincial government, said the report.
The report also showed that 47 per cent children (25 million) in Pakistan were out of school. Most of the out-of-school children (68 per cent) had never been to school and 32 per cent dropped out.
KP remained the second worst performing province. This was because of gender disparities and poor learning outcomes in the province, followed by Balochistan which is at the bottom of the ranking with 1.76 million children out of school.
In Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), the district of Poonch has fallen from its top spot last year to 9th position in 2014. AJK has shown an overall decline from second position last year to the third position.
PML-F Member Provincial Assembly from Sindh Mehtab Rashidi said time had come to stop playing politics with education.
“In rural areas, we do not have water and toilets in schools. The financial year is about to end but Sindh has not been able to spend half of its education budget,” she said.
Speaking on the occasion, former MNA Bushra Gohar of the ANP said though education should be priority but politicians do not give it any attention.
“In KP, schools are being destroyed by Taliban but no one is bothered about the situation. It is strange that we allocate available funds for the armed forces and expect that donors will work for the promotion of education,” she said.
Senator Abdul Rauf Lala from the Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party said the federal government should accept responsibility for ignoring the province for over 65 years.
Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources Shahid Khaqan Abbasi said the government needed to run schools in a better way. “The truth is that even our best districts are far from being the ideal.”
In a video comment, Balochistan’s health minister Rehmat Ali Baloch said: “I am deeply saddened to see my district at number 138.”
Published in Dawn, May 23rd, 2014
Thursday, May 15, 2014
Yaum-e-Shuhada Pakistan 2014
Yaum-e-Shuhada Pakistan 2014
Yaum-e-Shuhada Pakistan 2014 Part 1-9
All Parts at ISPR Official
Part 1-9: https://www.facebook.com/ photo.php?v=746314088732533
Part 2-9: https://www.facebook.com/ photo.php?v=746314298732512
Part 3-9: https://www.facebook.com/ photo.php?v=746318532065422
Part 4-9: https://www.facebook.com/ photo.php?v=746319172065358
Part 5-9: https://www.facebook.com/ photo.php?v=746321105398498
Part 6-9: https://www.facebook.com/ photo.php?v=746321372065138
Part 7-9: https://www.facebook.com/ photo.php?v=746325285398080
Part 8-9: https://www.facebook.com/ photo.php?v=746326422064633
Part 9-9: https://www.facebook.com/ photo.php?v=746327108731231
Or Download Complete from http://www.ispr.gov.pk/
Part 1-9: https://www.facebook.com/
Part 2-9: https://www.facebook.com/
Part 3-9: https://www.facebook.com/
Part 4-9: https://www.facebook.com/
Part 5-9: https://www.facebook.com/
Part 6-9: https://www.facebook.com/
Part 7-9: https://www.facebook.com/
Part 8-9: https://www.facebook.com/
Part 9-9: https://www.facebook.com/
Or Download Complete from http://www.ispr.gov.pk/
Thursday, March 6, 2014
Baltistan
BALTISTAN
Baltistan, also known as Baltiyul بلتی یول in the Balti language, is a region to the north of Kashmir, bordering Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China. It is situated in the Karakoram mountains just to the south of K2, the world's second highest mountain. It is an extremely mountainous region, with an average altitude of over 3,350 m (11,000 ft). It is inhabited principally by Balti Muslims of Tibetan descent who converted from Tibetan Buddhism prior to the 16th century.
Baltistan was an independent state but was occupied by the Raja (King) of Kashmir in the nineteenth century. In 1947 when India and Pakistan gained independence, it was still part of Kashmir. In 1948 local freedom fighters had a war of independence with Dogra Army and expelled them from Baltiyul, later they decided to affiliate with Pakistan. Now the region is divided between India and Pakistan. The districts of Skardu (Skardo) and Ganche which are part of Pakistan Administered Gilgit-Baltistan, a de facto federal dependency of Pakistan administered directly from Islamabad; its main town is Skardu. It contains the highest peaks of the Karakoram, including K2. Indian Baltistan (the district of Kargil) is located in the north of the Indian Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir.
BALTISTAN ZINDABAD!
Baltistan was an independent state but was occupied by the Raja (King) of Kashmir in the nineteenth century. In 1947 when India and Pakistan gained independence, it was still part of Kashmir. In 1948 local freedom fighters had a war of independence with Dogra Army and expelled them from Baltiyul, later they decided to affiliate with Pakistan. Now the region is divided between India and Pakistan. The districts of Skardu (Skardo) and Ganche which are part of Pakistan Administered Gilgit-Baltistan, a de facto federal dependency of Pakistan administered directly from Islamabad; its main town is Skardu. It contains the highest peaks of the Karakoram, including K2. Indian Baltistan (the district of Kargil) is located in the north of the Indian Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir.
BALTISTAN ZINDABAD!


Wednesday, February 5, 2014
دارلسیدتین اکیڈمی مہدی آباد (یتموں کےلئے)
(دارلسیدتین اکیڈمی مہدی آباد (یتموں کےلئے
![]() |
| Dar-ul-Sydatain Academy Mehdiabad |
یہ مدرسہ 2003 میں محمدیہ ٹرسٹ پاکستان کے زیر انتظام قیام ہوا۔ اس میں یتیم بچوں کو بلکل فری کیڈٹس کے طرز پر پڑھایا جاتا ہے۔ اس میں اب تک دنیوی علوم کے ساتھ ساتھ دینی علوم سے طلباء کو روشناس کرایا جاتا ہے۔ اس میں داخلہ میرٹ پر ہوتا ہے۔ داخلہ کے لئے کمیٹی تشکیل دی ہوئی ہے۔ جو ہر سال بلتستان کے کونے کونے سے لائق اور زہین یتیم طلباء کو سلیکٹ کرتے ہیں۔ نئے لائے جانے والے طلباء شروع سے قابل اورتربیت یافتہ اساتذہ کے زیر نگرانی تربیت دی جاتی ہے ۔ اب تک اکیڈمی میں 200 طلباء زیر تعلیم ہے اور کلاس 10 تک ہے ۔ یہ ادارہ فیڈرل بورڈ سے الحاق شدہ ہے۔ حال ہی میں اکیڈمی کے نہم کلاس کا رزلٹ 95٪ رہا ہے۔
Monday, January 20, 2014
Tuesday, January 14, 2014
دنیا کے مشہور ویب سایٹس کی کب آغاز ہوئی
TOP TEN WEBSITES with their LAUNCH YEAR
- Google : Sept 4, 1998
- Facebook : Feb 4, 2004
- YouTube : Feb 14, 2005
- Yahoo ! : March 1994
- Baidu : Jan 1, 2000
- Wikipedia : Jan 15, 2001
- Windows Live : Nov 1, 2005
- Amazon.com : 1994
- Tencent QQ : February 1999
- Twitter : March 21, 200
Monday, January 13, 2014
چھو رنٹھق
چھو رنٹھق
A watermill is a structure that uses a water wheel or turbine to drive a mechanical process such as flour production. There are two basic types of watermill, one powered by a vertical waterwheel via a gearing mechanism, and the other equipped with a horizontal waterwheel without such a mechanism. The former type can be further divided, depending on where the water hits the wheel paddles, into undershot, overshot, breastshot and pitchback (backshot or reverse shot) waterwheel mills.It was used commonly in Baltistan
Script and Orthography
Script and Orthography
Tibetan is written in an alphabet derived from the 7th century CE Gupta script of India, itself derived from Brāhmī, the ancestor of all Indian and many Southeast Asian and Central Asian scripts. A consonant sign without any added vowel has an inherent vowel a; to represent other vowels, vowel signs are added above or below consonant signs.
If there is a consonant cluster, one consonant is taken as the root initial. Consonants which precede it are written above or before it; consonants which follow are written beneath it. Syllable and phrase boundaries are marked but there is no marking of word boundaries.
The arrangement of the alphabet reflects that of its Indian model and the sound system of Classical Tibetan (its 30 consonants have a one-to-one correspondence with the 30 basic sounds).
It is shown below with the Wylie transliteration system underneath, and its phonetic equivalent in the International Phonetic Alphabet between square brackets (the inherent a is not represented).
If there is a consonant cluster, one consonant is taken as the root initial. Consonants which precede it are written above or before it; consonants which follow are written beneath it. Syllable and phrase boundaries are marked but there is no marking of word boundaries.
The arrangement of the alphabet reflects that of its Indian model and the sound system of Classical Tibetan (its 30 consonants have a one-to-one correspondence with the 30 basic sounds).
It is shown below with the Wylie transliteration system underneath, and its phonetic equivalent in the International Phonetic Alphabet between square brackets (the inherent a is not represented).
Friday, January 10, 2014
Monday, January 6, 2014
Saturday, January 4, 2014
Thursday, January 2, 2014
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)












































